Id dinastija Idrisija l Idrisin jew l Adarisa Għarbi الأدارسة al Adārisah kienu dinastija Għarbija Misilma mis 788 sal 9

Id-dinastija Idrisija, l-Idrisin jew l-Adarisa (Għarbi: الأدارسة, al-Adārisah) kienu dinastija Għarbija Misilma mis-788 sal-974, li ħakmet il-biċċa l-kbira tal-Marokk tal-lum u partijiet tal-punent tal-Alġerija tal-lum. Imsemmi wara l-fundatur, , l-Adarisa kienu dinastija imnissla minn Muħammed permezz ta' neputi tiegħu . Ir-renju tagħhom kellu rwol importanti fl- bikrija tal-Marokk u ppresediet ukoll żieda fl-immigrazzjoni Għarbija u t-tagħrib () fiċ-ċentri urbani ewlenin.^: 52^: 83–84

Waqt li ħarab mill- lejn il-lvant wara l-, Idris I stabbilixxa ruħu għall-ewwel darba fl-788 f'Volubilis fil-Marokk tal-lum bl-għajnuna ta' alleati Berberi lokali. Sussegwentement waqqfu huwa u ibnu, , dik li saret il-belt ta' Fes aktar fil-lvant. Fes saret il-kapitali ta’ stat Idrisi li ħakem il-biċċa l-kbira tal-Marokk tal-lum u parti mill-Punent tal-Alġerija. Wara l-mewt ta’ Idris II, l-isfera kienet maqsuma bejn uliedu rivali. Wara perjodu ta’ konflitt, l-awtorità tad-dinastija reġgħet bdiet u baqgħet relattivament stabbli bejn l-836 u l-863. Fl-aħħar tad-9 seklu, madankollu, iffaċċjaw sfidi ripetuti u oppożizzjoni lokali. Fis-seklu 10 ir-reġjun daħal taħt id-dominazzjoni politika ta' tribujiet li ġġieldu battalji prokura f'isem żewġ poteri rivali fir-reġjun, il- u l-. L-Adarisa tkeċċew b'mod definittiv minn Fez fl-927, iżda żammew f'territorju mnaqqas fit-tramuntana tal-Marokk mill-bażi tagħhom f'. Fl-aħħar ġew megħluba u mneħħija mill-poter fl-974, u tentattiv qasir biex jerġgħu jiksbu l-poter fl-985 falla wkoll.

Reliġjon

Skont , "għalkemm Idris I kellu simpatiji tax-Xigħa, l-istat imwaqqaf minn ibnu kien Sunni fi kwistjonijiet ta' duttrina reliġjuża." Materjal tas-sors primarju u studjużi kontemporanji ddeskrivewhom bħala Misilma Sunnija.^:50 Ċerti akkademiċi kontemporanji ddeskrivewhom bħala Xigħa jew sa ċertu punt jew ieħor, x'aktarx minħabba l-affiljazzjoni politika tagħhom. L-Idrisin kienu avversarji politiċi tal-Kalifat Għabbasi. Oħrajn ikkritikaw din it-talba talli għaqqad it-teoloġija Xigħa ma' moviment politiku f'perjodu storiku fejn s'issa ma kien hemm l-ebda teoloġija Xigħa distinta mit-teoloġija Sunnija f'dan il-qasam. targumenta li l-muniti Idrisi jissuġġerixxu li Idris I muri lilu nnifsu bħala mexxej reliġjuż li l-leġittimità tiegħu kienet ibbażata fuq id-dixxendenza tiegħu minn Muħammed, li Bennison jiddeskrivi bħala "pożizzjoni proto-Xigħi jew Għalawi."

Il-Berberi Awraba li laqgħu lil Idris I f'Volubilis kienu u Idris qagħad ħafna fuq l-appoġġ tat-tribujiet Berberi Mugħtażiliet biex iwaqqaf l-istat tiegħu. Huwa probabbli wkoll li kellu rabtiet maʼ figuri Mugħtażiliet fil- u aktar fil-lvant, peress li kien akkumpanjat fil-vjaġġ tiegħu lejn il-Magreb minn Mugħtażila minn li għenu biex jikseb l-appoġġ tat-tribujiet. Mhuwiex ċar, madankollu, sa liema punt il-komunità li stabbilixxa kienet Mugħtażila fil-karattru.

Legat

Minkejja li waqgħu mill-poter, l-Idrisin nissel ħafna familji li baqgħu preżenti għas-sekli li ġejjin. Xi Marokkini llum għadhom jippretendu nisel minnhom. Fis-seklu 11, familja Idrisija imnissla minn Għumar (bin Idris II), il-, setgħu jiksbu l-poter f'diversi bliet tat-tramuntana tal-Marokk u tan-Nofsinhar ta' Spanja.

F'Fes u fil-belt ta' (ħdejn Volubilis), l-oqbra ta' Idris II u Idris I, rispettivament, eventwalment żviluppaw f'kumplessi reliġjużi importanti u siti ta' pellegrinaġġ, bħaż-. Diversi familji prominenti xorfa f'Fes traċċaw in-nisel tagħhom għal Idris I,^: 488 u xi wħud minn dawn kellhom rwol fiż-żamma jew il-bini mill-ġdid taż- Idris II fil-belt.

Il-perjodu Idrisi kellu wkoll rwol importanti fl- tar-reġjun, partikolarment fit-tixrid tal-Iżlam għat-tribujiet Berberi li okkupaw it-territorji interni tal-Marokk tal-lum, barra r-reġjuni kostali tat-tramuntana fejn inizjalment kienet ikkonċentrata l-ewwel preżenza Misilma.^: 52 ^: 84 Il-belt il-ġdida ta' Fes saret ukoll ċentru ta' tagħrib () li nfirxet għal xi wħud mit-tribujiet Berberi tal-madwar fiż-żona.^: 84 Il-bliet Idrisin kienu wkoll jiffurmaw parti min-netwerk kummerċjali usa’ li għaqqad il-Magreb mas-Saħara u r- (fin-nofsinhar tas-Saħara). Dan in-netwerk kummerċjali u n-negozjanti Misilmin li bdew jiddominawha fis-seklu 9 kienu importanti min-naħa tagħhom għall-.: ⁵²

L-istat Idrisi stabbilixxa preċedent għall-ħakma tax-xarif, li ispira ż-żieda tax- fil-Marokk matul is-seklu 15 u li hija miżmuma mid-dinastija li tmexxi l-lum tal-Marokk, l-. Mis-seklu 14, kittieba lokali bdew ipinġu lill-Adarisa bħala l-punt tat-tluq ta' Magħrib il-Aqsa Iżlamiku ("Punent l-Ibgħad", li jikkorrispondi mal-Marokk tal-lum).^: 81 Kemm id- (sekli 13 – 15) kif ukoll id- (sekli 15 – 16) ppruvaw kultant jassoċjaw lilhom infushom mad-dinastija Idrisija bħala mod biex jilleġittimizzaw il-ħakma tagħhom stess. Ir- Rawd il-Qirtas, miktub minn Iben Abi Żargħ fis-seklu 14, huwa wieħed mill-aktar kronaki magħrufa ta’ dan il-perjodu u ppromwova l-idea ta’ kontinwità bejn il-ħakma Idrisija u l-ħakma kontemporanja Marinija, fil-waqt l-istess inaqqsu l-karattru Xigħa potenzjali ta' Idris I. Fin-narrattivi nazzjonali tal-Marokk modern, l-Idrisin huma spiss murija bħala l-ewwel dinastija Marokkina u bħala l-bidu ta' tradizzjoni bla interruzzjoni ta' monarkija sal-lum.^: 81

Id-dinastija

Ħakkiema

– (788–791)
– (791–828)
– (828–836)
– (836–849)
– (849–863)
– (863–866)
– (866–?)
– (?–905)
– (905–919 jew 921)^: 63
Kontroll ta' f’isem il- – (919–925)
– (925–927), l-aħħar ħakkiem Idrisi f'Fes

Il-ħakma tal-Idrisija fit-tramuntana tal-Marokk:

– (938–948)
– (948–954)
– (954–974, 985)

Kronoloġija

Ara ukoll

Muħammed l-Idrisi (dixxendent tad-dinastija Idrisija)

Noti u referenzi

^ Brett, Michael (2017). Fatimid Empire (bl-Ingliż). Edinburgh University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4744-2151-5.
^ ^a ^b ^ċ ^d ^e Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":15" defined multiple times with different content
^ ^a ^b ^ċ ^d ^e Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
^ "North Africa - The Rustamid state of Tāhart". Encyclopedia Britannica (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2020-08-19.
^ Al-Bayan Al-Maghreb (Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi, 13th century), Vol.1, p.118 (Arabic - Dr. Bashar A. Marouf & Mahmoud B. Awad, 2013)
^ Tarikh al-Tabari (Al-Tabari, 9th century) – English translation: The History of al-Tabari vol.26, p.37-38
^ Meis Al-Kaisi, "The Development of Politico-Religious Movements: A General Overview", Arabic Heritage in the Post-Abbasid Period, ed. Imed Nsiri, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019), 124.
, The Historical Dictionary of Islam, page 145, "Idrisid Dynasty (788-985). First Shi'ite dynasty in Islamic history, founded by Idris ibn Abdullah....".
The New Islamic Dynasties, page 25, "The Idrisids were the first dynasty who attempted to introduce the doctrines of Shi'ism, albeit in a very attenuated form, into the Maghrib...".
and , Introduction to Islamic theology and law, Princeton University Press (1981), p. 218
Mara A. Leichtman, Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal, page 216;"Senegalese Shi'a also refer to the spread of Shi'i Islam to Senegal through the Idrisid dynasty and evidence of Shi'i roots in Morocco through 'Alaouis (Hydarah 2008:132-135). Cornell writes that Moulay Idris and his successors, descendants of the Prophet's grandson Hasan, brought with them to Morocco from the Arabian Peninsula "a form of archaic Shi'ism that was similar in many respects to Zaydism" (1998:200)."
^ De Geschiedenis van Marokko & Noord-Afrika (Sofyan al Kandoussi, 2019), p.179 (Dutch history book on Morocco and North-Africa)
^ Bennison, Amira K. (2016). Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. p. 233. ISBN 9780748646821.
^ ^a ^b ^ċ Ess, Josef van (2018). Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 4: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam (bl-Ingliż). Brill. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-90-04-38159-9.
^ "Qantara - The Idrisids (789- 974)". www.qantara-med.org. Miġbur 2021-01-05.
^ ^a ^b ^ċ Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Użu invalidu ta' <ref>; l-ebda test ma ġie provdut għar-referenza bl-isem :052.
^ Achouar, Amina (2005). Fès, Meknès. Flammarion.
^ Gaudio, Attilio (1982). Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. pp. 123–131. ISBN 2723301591.
^ Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
^ Mezzine, Mohamed. "Mulay Idris Mausoleum". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Miġbur January 6, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^ċ ^d ^e Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Idrisids". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748621378. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
^ ^a ^b Stephen, Cory (2012). "Idris I". F' Gates Jr., Henry Louis (ed.). Dictionary of African Biography (bl-Ingliż). Oxford University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. Nieqes |editor1= (għajnuna) Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
^ Naylor, Phillip (2015). North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present (bl-Ingliż). University of Texas Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-292-76192-6.
^ Clancy-Smith, Julia (2013). North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: From the Almoravids to the Algerian War (bl-Ingliż). Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-135-31213-8.
^ ^a ^b Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014). "Reformer le royaume idrisside : Fès et l'historiographie officielle mérinide". F' Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (ed.). Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne (bil-Franċiż). Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 452–454. ISBN 9782350314907. Nieqes |editor1= (għajnuna)
^ Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology (bl-Ingliż). Indiana University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-253-00797-1.

Sorsi

Iben Abi Żargħ, Rawd il-Qirtas (fih kronika tad-dinastija).
Charles-André Julien, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830, Payot 1994.

Links esterni

(bl-Ingliż) Y. Benhima, "The Idrisids (789- 974)" in qantara-med.org (2008)
(bil-Franċiż) C. El Briga, "Idrisides", in Encyclopédie berbère, vol.24 (Edisud 2001)
(bl-Ingliż) B. Duignan, "Idrīsid dynasty", in Encyclopædia Britannica (2007)

[1] Brett, Michael (2017). Fatimid Empire (bl-Ingliż). Edinburgh University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4744-2151-5.

[:15-2] ċ ^d ^e Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":15" defined multiple times with different content

[:0-3] ċ ^d ^e Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[4] "North Africa - The Rustamid state of Tāhart". Encyclopedia Britannica (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2020-08-19.

[5] Al-Bayan Al-Maghreb (Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi, 13th century), Vol.1, p.118 (Arabic - Dr. Bashar A. Marouf & Mahmoud B. Awad, 2013)

[6] Tarikh al-Tabari (Al-Tabari, 9th century) – English translation: The History of al-Tabari vol.26, p.37-38

[7] Meis Al-Kaisi, "The Development of Politico-Religious Movements: A General Overview", Arabic Heritage in the Post-Abbasid Period, ed. Imed Nsiri, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019), 124.
, The Historical Dictionary of Islam, page 145, "Idrisid Dynasty (788-985). First Shi'ite dynasty in Islamic history, founded by Idris ibn Abdullah....".
The New Islamic Dynasties, page 25, "The Idrisids were the first dynasty who attempted to introduce the doctrines of Shi'ism, albeit in a very attenuated form, into the Maghrib...".
and , Introduction to Islamic theology and law, Princeton University Press (1981), p. 218
Mara A. Leichtman, Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal, page 216;"Senegalese Shi'a also refer to the spread of Shi'i Islam to Senegal through the Idrisid dynasty and evidence of Shi'i roots in Morocco through 'Alaouis (Hydarah 2008:132-135). Cornell writes that Moulay Idris and his successors, descendants of the Prophet's grandson Hasan, brought with them to Morocco from the Arabian Peninsula "a form of archaic Shi'ism that was similar in many respects to Zaydism" (1998:200)."

[8] De Geschiedenis van Marokko & Noord-Afrika (Sofyan al Kandoussi, 2019), p.179 (Dutch history book on Morocco and North-Africa)

[9] Bennison, Amira K. (2016). Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. p. 233. ISBN 9780748646821.

[:5-10] ċ Ess, Josef van (2018). Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 4: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam (bl-Ingliż). Brill. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-90-04-38159-9.

[11] "Qantara - The Idrisids (789- 974)". www.qantara-med.org. Miġbur 2021-01-05.

[:052-12] ċ Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Użu invalidu ta' <ref>; l-ebda test ma ġie provdut għar-referenza bl-isem :052.

[:3-13] Achouar, Amina (2005). Fès, Meknès. Flammarion.

[:62-14] Gaudio, Attilio (1982). Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. pp. 123–131. ISBN 2723301591.

[:02-15] Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.

[:4-16] Mezzine, Mohamed. "Mulay Idris Mausoleum". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Miġbur January 6, 2018.

[:1-17] ċ ^d ^e Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Idrisids". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748621378. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[:6-18] Stephen, Cory (2012). "Idris I". F' Gates Jr., Henry Louis (ed.). Dictionary of African Biography (bl-Ingliż). Oxford University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. Nieqes |editor1= (għajnuna) Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content

[:28-19] Naylor, Phillip (2015). North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present (bl-Ingliż). University of Texas Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-292-76192-6.

[20] Clancy-Smith, Julia (2013). North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: From the Almoravids to the Algerian War (bl-Ingliż). Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-135-31213-8.

[:1322-21] Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014). "Reformer le royaume idrisside : Fès et l'historiographie officielle mérinide". F' Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (ed.). Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne (bil-Franċiż). Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 452–454. ISBN 9782350314907. Nieqes |editor1= (għajnuna)

[22] Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology (bl-Ingliż). Indiana University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-253-00797-1.