Avukat huwa persuna li tipprattika d dritt b diversi rwoli bħal pereżempju avukat tad difiża avukat tal akkuża avukat pr

Avukat huwa persuna li tipprattika d-dritt b'diversi rwoli bħal pereżempju avukat tad-difiża, avukat tal-akkuża, avukat prokuratur jew prokuratur legali, avukat kanonku, nutar tad-dritt ċivili, avukat konsulent, aġent eżekuttiv legali, jew uffiċjal pubbliku li jħejji, jinterpreta u japplika d-dritt, iżda mhux bħala uffiċjal paralegali jew segretarju eżekuttiv. Ix-xogħol ta' avukat jinvolvi l-applikazzjoni prattika ta' teoriji ġuridiċi u għarfien ġuridiku astratti biex jiġu solvuti problemi speċifiċi individwalizzati, jew biex javvanza l-interessi ta' dawk li jqabbdu lill-avukat jaħdem għalihom biex iwettaq servizzi ġuridiċi. Ir-rwol tal-avukat ivarja ħafna bejn il-ġurisdizzjonijiet legali differenti.

Terminoloġija

Fil-prattika, il-ġurisdizzjonijiet legali jeżerċitaw id-dritt tagħhom li jiddeterminaw min ikun rikonoxxut bħala avukat. B’hekk, it-tifsira tat-terminu "avukat" jaf tvarja minn post għall-ieħor. Xi ġurisdizzjonijiet għandhom żewġ tipi ta' avukati, avukat difensur jew tad-difiża (bl-Ingliż: barrister) u avukat prokuratur jew prokuratur legali (bl-Ingliż: solicitor), filwaqt li oħrajn jgħaqqduhom flimkien. Avukat tad-difiża huwa avukat li jispeċjalizza biex jidher quddiem qrati superjuri. Avukat prokuratur jew prokuratur legali huwa avukat li jiġi mħarreġ biex iħejji l-każijiet u jagħti pariri dwar suġġetti ġuridiċi, u jista' jirrappreżenta lill-klijenti fil-qrati inferjuri. Iż-żewġ tipi ta' avukati (meta dawn ikunu distinti) ikunu attendew skola tad-dritt u temmew it-taħriġ prattiku meħtieġ. Madankollu, fil-ġurisdizzjonijiet fejn dawn il-professjonijiet u maqsumin fi tnejn, l-avukati tad-difiża biss jitħallew jissieħbu bħala membri tal-assoċjazzjonijiet rispettivi tal-avukati tad-difiża.

Responsabbiltajiet

Fil-biċċa l-kbira tal-pajjiżi, b'mod partikolari dawk bil-liġi komuni (bl-Ingliż: common law), it-tradizzjoni kienet li jingħataw bosta kompiti ġuridiċi lil varjetà ta' nutara u skrivana tad-dritt ċivili. Dawn il-pajjiżi ma jkollhomx avukati bit-tifsira Amerikana, ladarba t-terminu "avukat" jintuża għal tip wieħed ta' fornitur ta' servizzi ġuridiċi bi skop ġenerali; minflok, il-professjonijiet legali tagħhom jikkonsistu minn għadd kbir ta' tipi differenti ta' persuni mħarrġa fid-dritt, magħrufa bħala ġuristi, li wħud minnhom ikunu avukati bil-liċenzja (fil-kuntest ta' Malta l-"liċenzja" normalment tissejjaħ "warrant") li jipprattikaw fil-qrati. Huwa diffiċli li jitfasslu ġeneralizzazzjonijiet preċiżi li jkopru l-pajjiżi kollha b'diversi professjonijiet legali peress li kull pajjiż tradizzjonalment ikollu l-metodu partikolari tiegħu ta' kif jaqsam ix-xogħol ġuridiku fost it-tipi differenti kollha ta' professjonisti ġuridiċi.

Pereżempju, l-Ingilterra, li tħaddan il-liġi komuni, ħarġet mill-Medju Evu bl-istess kumplessitajiet fil-professjonijiet legali tagħha, iżda mbagħad evolviet sas-seklu 19 b'diviżjoni unika bejn l-avukati tad-difiża u l-prokuraturi legali. Diviżjoni ekwivalenti żviluppat bejn l-avukati u l-prokuraturi f'xi pajjiżi oħra li jħaddnu l-liġi komuni; dawn iż-żewġ tipi ta' avukati mhux dejjem kien ikollhom monopolju tal-prattika tal-liġi, għaliex kienu jeżistu flimkien man-nutara tad-dritt ċivili li wkoll kienu jwettqu dawn il-kompiti.

Diversi pajjiżi li oriġinarjament kellhom żewġ professjonijiet legali jew iktar, minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn għaqdu l-professjonijiet f'tip uniku ta' avukat. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-pajjiżi f'din il-kategorija huma pajjiżi li jħaddnu l-liġi komuni, għalkemm Franza, pajjiż li jħaddan il-liġi ċivili, wettqet fużjoni tal-ġuristi tagħha fl-1990 u fl-1991 b'rispons għall-kompetizzjoni Anglo-Amerikana. Fil-pajjiżi bi professjonijiet fużi, avukat is-soltu jitħalla jwettaq ir-responsabbiltajiet kollha jew kważi kollha li huma elenkati hawn taħt.

Argumentazzjoni bil-fomm fil-qrati

L-argumentazzjoni ta' każ ta' klijent quddiem imħallef jew ġurija f'qorti hija kompitu tradizzjonali tal-avukat tad-difiża fl-Ingilterra u fl-Awstralja, u tal-avukati f'xi ġurisdizzjonijiet tal-liġi ċivili. Madankollu, il-konfini bejn l-avukati tad-difiża u l-avukati prokuraturi evolvew. Attwalment fl-Ingilterra, il-monopolji tal-avukat tad-difiża jkopri biss il-qrati tal-appell, u l-avukati tad-difiża jridu jikkompetu direttament mal-avukati prokuraturi f'ħafna qrati tal-proċessi. F'pajjiżi bħall-Istati Uniti, bi professjonijiet legali fużi, hemm avukati tal-proċessi li jispeċjalizzaw fil-proċessi fil-qorti, iżda dawn ma għandhomx monopolju ġuridiku bħall-avukati tad-difiża. F'xi pajjiżi, il-partijiet fil-kawża għandhom l-għażla li jargumentaw pro se, jew f'isimhom stess. Huwa komuni għall-partijiet fil-kawża li jidhru mingħajr rappreżentanza quddiem ċerti qrati bħall-qrati ta' tilwim żgħir, pereżempju t-tribunal tal-paċi; tabilħaqq, ħafna qrati bħal dawn ma jippermettux lill-avukati jitkellmu f'isem il-klijenti tagħhom, sabiex jiffrankaw il-flus il-parteċipanti kollha ta' kawża żgħira. F'pajjiżi oħra bħall-Venezwela, ħadd ma jista' jidher quddiem imħallef jekk ma jkunx rappreżentat minn avukat. Il-vantaġġ ta' dan ir-reġim tal-aħħar hu li l-avukati jkunu midħla tad-drawwiet u tal-proċeduri tal-qorti, u b'hekk is-sistema ġuridika tkun iktar effiċjenti għal dawk kollha li jkunu involuti. Il-partijiet li ma jkunux rappreżentati spiss iħassru l-kredibbiltà tagħhom stess jew idewmu l-qorti minħabba li ma jkollhomx esperjenza fil-qorti.

Referenzi

^ Henry Campbell Black, Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1979), 799.
^ Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. & Angelo Dondi, Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8047-4882-9), 20–23.
^ John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007),102–103.
^ Richard L. Abel, "Lawyers in the Civil Law World," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 1–53 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 4.
^ Merryman, 105–109.
^ Walter O. Weyrauch, The Personality of Lawyers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 27.
^ Jon T. Johnsen, "The Professionalization of Legal Counseling in Norway," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 54–123 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 91.
^ Kahei Rokumoto, "The Present State of Japanese Practicing Attorneys: On the Way to Full Professionalization?" in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 160–199 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 164.
^ Merryman, 105.
^ Hazard, 21–33.
^ Benoit Bastard and Laura Cardia-Vonèche, "The Lawyers of Geneva: an Analysis of Change in the Legal Profession," trans. by Richard L. Abel, in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 295–335 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 297.
^ Carlos Viladás Jene, "The Legal Profession in Spain: An Understudied but Booming Occupation," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–379 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 369.
^ Vittorio Olgiati and Valerio Pocar, "The Italian Legal Profession: An Institutional Dilemma," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 336–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 338.
^ Bastard, 299, u Hazard, 45.
^ Harry W. Arthurs, Richard Weisman, and Frederick H. Zemans, "Canadian Lawyers: A Peculiar Professionalism," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 123–185 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124.
^ David Weisbrot, "The Australian Legal Profession: From Provincial Family Firms to Multinationals," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 244–317 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 250.
^ Georgina Murray, "New Zealand Lawyers: From Colonial GPs to the Servants of Capital," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 318–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 324.
^ Anne Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers in France," in Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 185–219 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 208.
^ "What is a Barrister?". austbar.asn.au. Miġbur 2021-07-28.
^ Hazard, 30–32.
^ Richard L. Abel, The Legal Profession in England and Wales (London: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 116.
^ Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "The Venezuelan Legal Profession: Lawyers in an Inegalitarian Society," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 380–399 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 387.
^ Gordon Kent, "Lawyerless Litigants: Is Justice Being Served?" Edmonton Journal.
^ Alan Feuer, "Lawyering by Laymen: More Litigants Are Taking a Do-It-Yourself Tack," The New York Times.

Ħoloq esterni

Wikimedia Commons għandha fajls multimedjali li għandhom x'jaqsmu ma': Avukat (Lawyers)

[1] Henry Campbell Black, Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1979), 799.

[2] Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. & Angelo Dondi, Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8047-4882-9), 20–23.

[3] John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007),102–103.

[4] Richard L. Abel, "Lawyers in the Civil Law World," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 1–53 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 4.

[5] Merryman, 105–109.

[6] Walter O. Weyrauch, The Personality of Lawyers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 27.

[7] Jon T. Johnsen, "The Professionalization of Legal Counseling in Norway," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 54–123 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 91.

[8] Kahei Rokumoto, "The Present State of Japanese Practicing Attorneys: On the Way to Full Professionalization?" in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 160–199 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 164.

[9] Merryman, 105.

[10] Hazard, 21–33.

[11] Benoit Bastard and Laura Cardia-Vonèche, "The Lawyers of Geneva: an Analysis of Change in the Legal Profession," trans. by Richard L. Abel, in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 295–335 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 297.

[12] Carlos Viladás Jene, "The Legal Profession in Spain: An Understudied but Booming Occupation," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–379 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 369.

[13] Vittorio Olgiati and Valerio Pocar, "The Italian Legal Profession: An Institutional Dilemma," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 336–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 338.

[14] Bastard, 299, u Hazard, 45.

[15] Harry W. Arthurs, Richard Weisman, and Frederick H. Zemans, "Canadian Lawyers: A Peculiar Professionalism," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 123–185 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124.

[16] David Weisbrot, "The Australian Legal Profession: From Provincial Family Firms to Multinationals," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 244–317 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 250.

[17] Georgina Murray, "New Zealand Lawyers: From Colonial GPs to the Servants of Capital," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 318–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 324.

[18] Anne Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers in France," in Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 185–219 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 208.

[19] "What is a Barrister?". austbar.asn.au. Miġbur 2021-07-28.

[20] Hazard, 30–32.

[21] Richard L. Abel, The Legal Profession in England and Wales (London: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 116.

[22] Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "The Venezuelan Legal Profession: Lawyers in an Inegalitarian Society," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 380–399 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 387.

[23] Gordon Kent, "Lawyerless Litigants: Is Justice Being Served?" Edmonton Journal.

[24] Alan Feuer, "Lawyering by Laymen: More Litigants Are Taking a Do-It-Yourself Tack," The New York Times.