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Il Hagia Sophia bit Ayasofya bil Grieg Koinē Ἁγία Σοφία b ittri Rumani Hagía Sophía bil Latin Sancta Sophia litteralment

Hagia Sophia

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  • Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia
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Il-Hagia Sophia (bit-: Ayasofya; bil-Grieg Koinē: Ἁγία Σοφία, b'ittri Rumani: Hagía Sophía; bil-Latin: Sancta Sophia, litteralment "Għerf Imqaddes"), magħrufa uffiċjalment bħala l-Gran Moskea Nobbli tal-Hagia Sophia (bit-Tork: Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi) u preċedentement bħala l-Knisja tal-Għerf Imqaddes (bil-Grieg: Ναός της Αγίας του Θεού Σοφίας, b'ittri Rumani: Naós tis Ayías tou Theoú Sofías), hija post ta' qima tal-aħħar ta' żmien il-qedem f'Istanbul, it-Turkija, u ġiet iddisinjata mill-ġeometri Griegi Isidore ta' Miletus u Anthemius ta' Tralles. Inbniet fil-537 bħala l-katidral patriarkali tal-belt kapitali imperjali ta' Kostantinopli, u kienet l-ikbar knisja Kristjana tal-Imperu Ruman tal-Lvant (l-Imperu Biżantin) u tal-Knisja Ortodossa tal-Lvant, għajr matul l- mill-1204 sal-1261, meta temporanjament saret katidral Kattoliku Ruman. Fl-1453, wara l-Waqgħa ta' Kostantinopli f'idejn l-Imperu Ottoman, ġiet ikkonvertita f'moskea. Fl-1935, ir-Repubblika tat-Turkija stabbiliet mużew minflok, u baqgħet tintuża hekk għal 85 sena sa meta l-istatus tal-binja ġie annullat u reġgħet ġiet ikkonvertita f'moskea fl-2020. Il-binja hija parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO taż-Żoni Storiċi ta' Istanbul li tniżżlu fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1985.

Storja

Il-Hagia Sophia nbniet mill-imperatur Ruman tal-Lvant bħala l-katidral Kristjan ta' Kostantinopli għall-knisja statali tal-Imperu Ruman bejn il-532 u l-537. Il-knisja dak iż-żmien kienet l-ikbar spazju intern fid-dinja u minn tal-ewwel li kellha koppla b'volti li jiffurmaw triangolu b'kurvatura. Titqies bħala l-epitoma tal-arkitettura Biżantina u jingħad li "bidlet l-istorja tal-arkitettura". Il-binja attwali kienet it-tielet knisja bl-istess isem li okkupat is-sit, peress li dawk ta' qabel kienu nqerdu fir-rewwixti ta' Nika. Bħala s-sede episkopali tal-patriarka ekumeniku ta' Kostantinopli, baqgħet l-ikbar katidral fid-dinja għal kważi elf sena, sa meta tlesta l-Katidral ta' Sivilja fl-1520 fi Spanja. Permezz tal-arkitettura Biżantina sussegwenti, il-Hagia Sophia saret l-għamla paradigmatika tal-Knisja Ortodossa, u l-istil arkitettoniku tagħha ġie emulat mill-moskej Ottomani elf sena wara. Ġiet deskritta bħala binja li "għandha pożizzjoni unika fid-dinja Kristjana" u bħala ikona arkitettonika u kulturali taċ-ċivilizzazzjoni Biżantina u Ortodossa tal-Lvant.

Bħala ċ-ċentru reliġjuż u spiritwali tal-Knisja Ortodossa tal-Lvant għal kważi elf sena, il-knisja kienet iddedikata lill-Għerf Imqaddes. Fiha ngħatat uffiċjalment l-iskomunika tal-Patriarka Mikiel I Ċerularju minn Humbert ta' Silva Candida, il-mibgħut tal- fl-1054, att li jitqies bħala l-bidu tax-Xiżma bejn il-Lvant u l-Punent. Fl-1204, ġiet ikkonvertita matul ir-Raba' Kruċjata f'katidral Kattoliku taħt l-Imperu Latin, qabel ma reġgħet lura għand il-Knisja Ortodossa tal-Lvant meta reġa' kiseb il-poter l-Imperu Biżantin fl-1261. Id-doġe ta' Venezja li mexxa r-Raba' Kruċjata u s-Serqa ta' Kostantinopli fl-1204, , indifen fil-knisja.

Wara l-Waqgħa ta' Kostantinopli f'idejn l-Imperu Ottoman fl-1453, ġiet ikkonvertita f'moskea minn u saret il-moskea prinċipali ta' Istanbul sal-kostruzzjoni fl-1616 tal-Moskea tas-Sultan Ahmed. Malli ġiet ikkonvertita, il-qniepen, l-artal, l-ikonostażi, l-ambone, u l-battisterju tneħħew, filwaqt li l-ikonografija, bħax-xbihat bil-mużajk ta' Ġesù, ta' Santa Marija, u tal-qaddisin u tal-anġli Kristjani tneħħew jew ġew miksija bit-tkaħħil. Fost iż-żidiet arkitettoniċi Iżlamiċi kien hemm l-erba' minareti, minbar u miħrab. L-arkitettura Biżantina tal-Hagia Sophia serviet bħala ispirazzjoni għal bosta binjiet reliġjużi oħra, fosthom il-Hagia Sophia f', Panagia Ekatontapiliani, il-Moskea ta' Şehzade, il-Moskea ta' Süleymaniye, il-Moskea ta' Rüstem Pasha u l-Kumpless ta' Kılıç Ali Pasha. Il-patriarkat ġie ttrasferit lejn il-Knisja tal-Appostli Mqaddsa, li saret il-katidral tal-belt.

Il-kumpless baqa' moskea sal-1931 u din ingħalqet għall-pubbliku għal erba' snin. Reġgħet infetħet fl-1935 bħala mużew taħt ir-Repubblika lajka tat-Turkija, u l-binja kienet l-iżjed attrazzjoni fit-Turkija li żaruha turisti fl-2015 u fl-2019. F'Lulju 2020, il-Kunsill tal-Istat annulla d-deċiżjoni tal-1934 li jiġi stabbilit mużew, u l-Hagia Sophia ġiet ikklassifikata mill-ġdid bħala moskea. Id-digriet tal-1934 ġie meqjus bħala mhux konformi mal-liġi skont id-dritt Ottoman u Tork, peress li l-waqf tal-Hagia Sophia, inkarigat mis-Sultan Mehmed, kien iddeżinja s-sit bħala moskea; dawk li kienu favur id-deċiżjoni argumentaw li l-Hagia Sophia kienet proprjetà personali tas-sultan. Din id-deżinjazzjoni mill-ġdid wasslet għal kundanni mill-oppożizzjoni tat-Turkija, mill-UNESCO, mill-Kunsill Dinji tal-Knejjes, mill-Assoċjazzjoni Internazzjonali tal-Istudji Biżantini, u minn bosta mexxejja internazzjonali.

Sit ta' Wirt Dinji

Iż-Żoni Storiċi ta' Istanbul ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1985. Fl-2017 kien hemm modifika żgħira fil-konfini tas-sit.

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' erba' kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-kriterju (i) "Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem"; il-kriterju (ii) "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-kriterju (iii) "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet" u l-kriterju (iv) "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem".

Biblijografija

  • Boyran, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). A social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19955-1.
  • Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2011). Byzantium in the Iconoclast era (ca 680–850). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7.
  • Hoffman, Volker (1999). Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (in German). Bern: Lang. ISBN 978-3-906762-81-4.
  • Janin, Raymond (1953). La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines.
  • Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997). Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church (reprint ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-500-27945-8..
  • Mamboury, Ernest (1953). The Tourists' Istanbul. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.
  • Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang (1977). Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh (in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth. ISBN 978-3-8030-1022-3.
  • Necipoĝlu, Gulru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-244-7.
  • Ronchey, Silvia; Braccini, Tommaso (2010). Il romanzo di Costantinopoli. Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. ISBN 978-88-06-18921-1.
  • Runciman, Steven (1965). The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-521-39832-0.
  • Savignac, David. "The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation".
  • Turner, J. (1996). Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517068-9.

Iktar qari

  • Balfour, John Patrick Douglas (1972). Hagia Sophia. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-88225-014-4.
  • Cimok, Fatih (2004). Hagia Sophia. Milet Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-975-7199-61-8.
  • Doumato, Lamia (1980). The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia: Selected references. Vance Bibliographies. ASIN B0006E2O2M.
  • Goriansky, Lev Vladimir (1933). Haghia Sophia: analysis of the architecture, art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia. American School of Philosophy. ASIN B0008C47EA.
  • Glinavos I. (2022) Hagia Sophia at ICSID? The Limits of Sovereign Discretion. In: . European Yearbook of International Economic Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/8165_2021_78
  • Harris, Jonathan, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon/Continuum (2007). ISBN 978-1-84725-179-4
  • Howland Swift, Emerson (1937). The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia. University of Chicago. ASIN B000889GIG.
  • Kahler, Heinz (1967). Haghia Sophia. Praeger. ASIN B0008C47EA.
  • Kinross, Lord (1972). Hagia Sophia, Wonders of Man. Newsweek. ASIN B000K5QN9W.
  • Kleinbauer, W. Eugene; Anthony White (2007). Hagia Sophia. London: Scala Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85759-308-2.
  • Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (2000). Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.). William L. Bauhan. ISBN 978-0-87233-123-5.
  • Krautheimer, Richard (1984). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05294-7.
  • Mainstone, R.J. (1997). Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27945-8.
  • Mainstone, Rowland J. (1988). Hagia Sophia. Architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian's great church. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-34098-1.
  • Mango, Cyril; Ahmed Ertuğ (1997). Hagia Sophia. A vision for empires. Istanbul.
  • Mark, R.; Çakmaktitle, AS. (1992). Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present. Princeton Architectural. ISBN 978-1-878271-11-2.
  • Nelson, Robert S. (2004). Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57171-3.
  • Özkul, T.A. (2007). Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia: I-A finite element formulation for static analysis. Elsevier.
  • Scharf, Joachim:Der Kaiser in Proskynese. Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel. In: Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schülern und Freunden zugeeignet, Wiesbaden 1964, S. 27–35.
  • Swainson, Harold (2005). The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building. Boston, MA: Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4021-8345-4.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 592, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN 978-0-87099-179-0
  • Xydis, Stephen G. (1947). "The Chancel Barrier, Solea, and Ambo of Hagia Sophia". The Art Bulletin. 29 (1): 1–24. doi:10.2307/3047098. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3047098.
  • Yucel, Erdem (2005). Hagia Sophia. Scala Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85759-250-4.

Artikli

  • Alchermes, Joseph D. (2005). "Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian". In Maas, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. pp. 343–75. ISBN 978-0-521-52071-3.
  • Atchison, Bob (2020). "History of Hagia Sophia – the Church of Holy Wisdom". My World of Byzantium.
  • Bordewich, Fergus M., "A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia", Smithsonian magazine, December 2008
  • Calian, Florian, The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism, Armenian Weekly.
  • Osseman, Dick. "Aya Sofya Photo Gallery". Pbase.com.
  • Ousterhout, Robert G. "Museum or Mosque? Istanbul's Hagia Sophia has been a monument to selective readings of history." History Today (Set 2020).
  • Suchkov, Maxim, Why did Moscow call Ankara's Hagia Sophia decision “Turkey's internal affair”?, Middle East Institute.

Mużajk

  • Hagia Sophia, hagiasophia.com: Mosaics.
  • MacDonald, William Lloyd (1951). The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia. Archaeological Institute of America. ASIN B0007GZTKS.
  • Mango, Cyril (1972). The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ASIN B0007CAVA0.
  • Mango, Cyril (1968). The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964. Johnson Reprints. ASIN B0007G5RBY.
  • Mango, Cyril; Heinz Kahler (1967). Hagia Sophia: With a Chapter on the Mosaics. Praeger. ASIN B0000CO5IL.
  • Teteriatnikov, Natalia B. (1998). Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0-88402-264-0.
  • Riccardi, Lorenzo (2012). Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud-ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli, in Vie per Bisanzio. VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (Venezia 25–28 novembre 2009), a cura di Antonio Rigo, Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio. Bari. pp. 357–71. ISBN 978-88-7470-229-9.
  • Yücel, Erdem (1988). The mosaics of Hagia Sophia. Efe Turizm. ASIN B0007CBGYA.

Referenzi

  1. ^ Eyice, Semavi (1991). "Ayasofia" [Hagia Sophia]. Islam Ansiklopedisi (bit-Tork). Vol. 4. Istanbul: Turkish Diyanet Foundation. pp. 206–210.
  2. ^ Hamm, Jean S. (2010). Term Paper Resource Guide to Medieval History. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-313-35967-5.
  3. ^ Kleiner, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2008). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Volume I, Chapters 1–18 (12th ed.). Mason, OH: Wadsworth. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-495-46740-3.
  4. ^ Emerson, William; van Nice, Robert L. (1950). "Hagia Sophia and the First Minaret Erected after the Conquest of Constantinople". American Journal of Archaeology. 54 (1): 28–40. ISSN 0002-9114.
  5. ^ Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumi]. ABC-CLIO. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-61069-566-4.
  6. ^ a b ċ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Historic Areas of Istanbul". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  7. ^ Fazio, Michael; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2009). Buildings Across Time (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-07-305304-2.
  8. ^ Simons, Marlise (1993-08-22). "Center of Ottoman Power" (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  9. ^ Heinle & Schlaich, 1996.
  10. ^ Cameron 2009.
  11. ^ Meyendorff 1982.
  12. ^ Janin (1953), p. 471.
  13. ^ Binns, John (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.
  14. ^ McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1998). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-664-25652-4.
  15. ^ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 112.
  16. ^ published, Owen Jarus (2013-03-01). "Hagia Sophia: Facts, History & Architecture". livescience.com (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  17. ^ "Hagia Sophia". web.archive.org. 2009-01-05. Arkivjat minn l-oriġinal fl-2009-01-05. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  18. ^ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 91.
  19. ^ "Oxford Art". Oxford Art Online (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  20. ^ "Hagia Sophia still Istanbul's top tourist attraction". Hürriyet Daily News (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  21. ^ "Hagia Sophia: Turkey turns iconic Istanbul museum into mosque" (bl-Ingliż). 2020-07-10. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  22. ^ "Hagia Sophia still top tourist attraction". Hürriyet Daily News (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  23. ^ "Presidential Decree on the opening of Hagia Sophia to worship promulgated on the Official Gazette". wt.iletisim.gov.tr (bit-Tork). Arkivjat minn l-oriġinal fl-2022-04-05. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  24. ^ Gall, Carlotta (2020-07-10). "Erdogan Signs Decree Allowing Hagia Sophia to Be Used as a Mosque Again" (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  25. ^ "Turkey: Court strikes down Hagia Sophia museum decree". www.aa.com.tr. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  26. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan says Hagia Sophia becomes mosque after court ruling". CNBC (bl-Ingliż). 2020-07-10. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  27. ^ SABAH, DAILY (2020-07-11). "Turning Hagia Sophia into museum violated will of its endower, Mehmed the Conquerer, Turkish court says". Daily Sabah (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  28. ^ "Turkey's president formally makes Hagia Sophia a mosque". AP NEWS (bl-Ingliż). 2021-04-20. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  29. ^ https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO (2020-07-10). "UNESCO statement on Hagia Sophia, Istanbul". UNESCO (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  30. ^ "Hagia Sophia: World Council of Churches appeals to Turkey on mosque decision" (bl-Ingliż). 2020-07-11. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  31. ^ "Hagia Sophia: Pope 'pained' as Istanbul museum reverts to mosque" (bl-Ingliż). 2020-07-12. Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  32. ^ "World reacts to Turkey reconverting Hagia Sophia into a mosque". www.aljazeera.com (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2022-04-26.
  33. ^ "Byzantine News, Issue 33, July 2020". us17.campaign-archive.com. Miġbur 2022-04-26.

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Data tal-pubblikazzjoni: 23 Ġun, 2025 / 02:47

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Il Hagia Sophia bit Ayasofya bil Grieg Koine Ἁgia Sofia b ittri Rumani Hagia Sophia bil Latin Sancta Sophia litteralment Għerf Imqaddes magħrufa uffiċjalment bħala l Gran Moskea Nobbli tal Hagia Sophia bit Tork Ayasofya i Kebir Cami i Serifi u preċedentement bħala l Knisja tal Għerf Imqaddes bil Grieg Naos ths Agias toy 8eoy Sofias b ittri Rumani Naos tis Ayias tou Theou Sofias hija post ta qima tal aħħar ta zmien il qedem f Istanbul it Turkija u ġiet iddisinjata mill ġeometri Griegi Isidore ta Miletus u Anthemius ta Tralles Inbniet fil 537 bħala l katidral patriarkali tal belt kapitali imperjali ta Kostantinopli u kienet l ikbar knisja Kristjana tal Imperu Ruman tal Lvant l Imperu Bizantin u tal Knisja Ortodossa tal Lvant għajr matul l mill 1204 sal 1261 meta temporanjament saret katidral Kattoliku Ruman Fl 1453 wara l Waqgħa ta Kostantinopli f idejn l Imperu Ottoman ġiet ikkonvertita f moskea Fl 1935 ir Repubblika tat Turkija stabbiliet muzew minflok u baqgħet tintuza hekk għal 85 sena sa meta l istatus tal binja ġie annullat u reġgħet ġiet ikkonvertita f moskea fl 2020 Il binja hija parti mis Sit ta Wirt Dinji tal UNESCO taz Zoni Storiċi ta Istanbul li tnizzlu fil lista tas Siti ta Wirt Dinji tal UNESCO fl 1985 Hagia SophiaStorjaIl Hagia Sophia nbniet mill imperatur Ruman tal Lvant bħala l katidral Kristjan ta Kostantinopli għall knisja statali tal Imperu Ruman bejn il 532 u l 537 Il knisja dak iz zmien kienet l ikbar spazju intern fid dinja u minn tal ewwel li kellha koppla b volti li jiffurmaw triangolu b kurvatura Titqies bħala l epitoma tal arkitettura Bizantina u jingħad li bidlet l istorja tal arkitettura Il binja attwali kienet it tielet knisja bl istess isem li okkupat is sit peress li dawk ta qabel kienu nqerdu fir rewwixti ta Nika Bħala s sede episkopali tal patriarka ekumeniku ta Kostantinopli baqgħet l ikbar katidral fid dinja għal kwazi elf sena sa meta tlesta l Katidral ta Sivilja fl 1520 fi Spanja Permezz tal arkitettura Bizantina sussegwenti il Hagia Sophia saret l għamla paradigmatika tal Knisja Ortodossa u l istil arkitettoniku tagħha ġie emulat mill moskej Ottomani elf sena wara Ġiet deskritta bħala binja li għandha pozizzjoni unika fid dinja Kristjana u bħala ikona arkitettonika u kulturali taċ ċivilizzazzjoni Bizantina u Ortodossa tal Lvant L elementi Kristjani u Musulmani fuq ġewwa tal Hagia Sophia Bħala ċ ċentru reliġjuz u spiritwali tal Knisja Ortodossa tal Lvant għal kwazi elf sena il knisja kienet iddedikata lill Għerf Imqaddes Fiha ngħatat uffiċjalment l iskomunika tal Patriarka Mikiel I Ċerularju minn Humbert ta Silva Candida il mibgħut tal fl 1054 att li jitqies bħala l bidu tax Xizma bejn il Lvant u l Punent Fl 1204 ġiet ikkonvertita matul ir Raba Kruċjata f katidral Kattoliku taħt l Imperu Latin qabel ma reġgħet lura għand il Knisja Ortodossa tal Lvant meta reġa kiseb il poter l Imperu Bizantin fl 1261 Id doġe ta Venezja li mexxa r Raba Kruċjata u s Serqa ta Kostantinopli fl 1204 indifen fil knisja Wara l Waqgħa ta Kostantinopli f idejn l Imperu Ottoman fl 1453 ġiet ikkonvertita f moskea minn u saret il moskea prinċipali ta Istanbul sal kostruzzjoni fl 1616 tal Moskea tas Sultan Ahmed Malli ġiet ikkonvertita il qniepen l artal l ikonostazi l ambone u l battisterju tneħħew filwaqt li l ikonografija bħax xbihat bil muzajk ta Ġesu ta Santa Marija u tal qaddisin u tal anġli Kristjani tneħħew jew ġew miksija bit tkaħħil Fost iz zidiet arkitettoniċi Izlamiċi kien hemm l erba minareti minbar u miħrab L arkitettura Bizantina tal Hagia Sophia serviet bħala ispirazzjoni għal bosta binjiet reliġjuzi oħra fosthom il Hagia Sophia f Panagia Ekatontapiliani il Moskea ta Sehzade il Moskea ta Suleymaniye il Moskea ta Rustem Pasha u l Kumpless ta Kilic Ali Pasha Il patriarkat ġie ttrasferit lejn il Knisja tal Appostli Mqaddsa li saret il katidral tal belt Il kumpless baqa moskea sal 1931 u din ingħalqet għall pubbliku għal erba snin Reġgħet infetħet fl 1935 bħala muzew taħt ir Repubblika lajka tat Turkija u l binja kienet l izjed attrazzjoni fit Turkija li zaruha turisti fl 2015 u fl 2019 F Lulju 2020 il Kunsill tal Istat annulla d deċizjoni tal 1934 li jiġi stabbilit muzew u l Hagia Sophia ġiet ikklassifikata mill ġdid bħala moskea Id digriet tal 1934 ġie meqjus bħala mhux konformi mal liġi skont id dritt Ottoman u Tork peress li l waqf tal Hagia Sophia inkarigat mis Sultan Mehmed kien iddezinja s sit bħala moskea dawk li kienu favur id deċizjoni argumentaw li l Hagia Sophia kienet proprjeta personali tas sultan Din id dezinjazzjoni mill ġdid wasslet għal kundanni mill oppozizzjoni tat Turkija mill UNESCO mill Kunsill Dinji tal Knejjes mill Assoċjazzjoni Internazzjonali tal Istudji Bizantini u minn bosta mexxejja internazzjonali Sit ta Wirt DinjiIz Zoni Storiċi ta Istanbul ġew iddezinjati bħala Sit ta Wirt Dinji tal UNESCO fl 1985 Fl 2017 kien hemm modifika zgħira fil konfini tas sit Il valur universali straordinarju tas sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbazi ta erba kriterji tal għazla tal UNESCO il kriterju i Rapprezentazzjoni ta kapulavur frott il kreattivita tal bniedem il kriterju ii Wirja ta skambju importanti ta valuri umani tul perjodu ta zmien jew fi ħdan zona kulturali fid dinja dwar l izviluppi fl arkitettura jew it teknoloġija l arti monumentali l ippjanar tal bliet jew id disinn tal pajsaġġ il kriterju iii Xhieda unika jew minn tal inqas eċċezzjonali ta tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet u l kriterju iv Ezempju straordinarju ta tip ta bini ta grupp ta siti jew ta pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid dieher stadju i sinifikanti fl istorja tal bniedem BiblijografijaBoyran Ebru Fleet Kate 2010 A social History of Ottoman Istanbul Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 19955 1 Brubaker Leslie Haldon John 2011 Byzantium in the Iconoclast era ca 680 850 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 43093 7 Hoffman Volker 1999 Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul in German Bern Lang ISBN 978 3 906762 81 4 Janin Raymond 1953 La Geographie Ecclesiastique de l Empire Byzantin 1 Part Le Siege de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecumenique 3rd Vol Les Eglises et les Monasteres Paris Institut Francais d Etudes Byzantines Mainstone Rowland J 1997 Hagia Sophia Architecture Structure and Liturgy of Justinian s Great Church reprint ed W W Norton amp Co ISBN 978 0 500 27945 8 Mamboury Ernest 1953 The Tourists Istanbul Istanbul Cituri Biraderler Basimevi Muller Wiener Wolfgang 1977 Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls Byzantion Konstantinupolis Istanbul bis zum Beginn d 17 Jh in German Tubingen Wasmuth ISBN 978 3 8030 1022 3 Necipoĝlu Gulru 2005 The Age of Sinan Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire London Reaktion Books ISBN 978 1 86189 244 7 Ronchey Silvia Braccini Tommaso 2010 Il romanzo di Costantinopoli Guida letteraria alla Roma d Oriente in Italian Torino Einaudi ISBN 978 88 06 18921 1 Runciman Steven 1965 The Fall of Constantinople 1453 Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 145 ISBN 0 521 39832 0 Savignac David The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade A New Annotated Translation Turner J 1996 Grove Dictionary of Art Oxford England Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 517068 9 Iktar qariBalfour John Patrick Douglas 1972 Hagia Sophia W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 88225 014 4 Cimok Fatih 2004 Hagia Sophia Milet Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 975 7199 61 8 Doumato Lamia 1980 The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia Selected references Vance Bibliographies ASIN B0006E2O2M Goriansky Lev Vladimir 1933 Haghia Sophia analysis of the architecture art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia American School of Philosophy ASIN B0008C47EA Glinavos I 2022 Hagia Sophia at ICSID The Limits of Sovereign Discretion In European Yearbook of International Economic Law Springer Berlin Heidelberg https doi org 10 1007 8165 2021 78 Harris Jonathan Constantinople Capital of Byzantium Hambledon Continuum 2007 ISBN 978 1 84725 179 4 Howland Swift Emerson 1937 The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia University of Chicago ASIN B000889GIG Kahler Heinz 1967 Haghia Sophia Praeger ASIN B0008C47EA Kinross Lord 1972 Hagia Sophia Wonders of Man Newsweek ASIN B000K5QN9W Kleinbauer W Eugene Anthony White 2007 Hagia Sophia London Scala Publishers ISBN 978 1 85759 308 2 Kleinbauer W Eugene 2000 Saint Sophia at Constantinople Singulariter in Mundo Monograph Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design No 5 William L Bauhan ISBN 978 0 87233 123 5 Krautheimer Richard 1984 Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 05294 7 Mainstone R J 1997 Hagia Sophia Architecture Structure and Liturgy of Justinian s Great Church London Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 27945 8 Mainstone Rowland J 1988 Hagia Sophia Architecture structure and liturgy of Justinian s great church London Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 34098 1 Mango Cyril Ahmed Ertug 1997 Hagia Sophia A vision for empires Istanbul Mark R Cakmaktitle AS 1992 Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present Princeton Architectural ISBN 978 1 878271 11 2 Nelson Robert S 2004 Hagia Sophia 1850 1950 Holy Wisdom Modern Monument Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 57171 3 Ozkul T A 2007 Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia I A finite element formulation for static analysis Elsevier Scharf Joachim Der Kaiser in Proskynese Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel In Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schulern und Freunden zugeeignet Wiesbaden 1964 S 27 35 Swainson Harold 2005 The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople A Study of Byzantine Building Boston MA Adamant Media Corporation ISBN 978 1 4021 8345 4 Weitzmann Kurt ed Age of spirituality late antique and early Christian art third to seventh century no 592 1979 Metropolitan Museum of Art New York ISBN 978 0 87099 179 0 Xydis Stephen G 1947 The Chancel Barrier Solea and Ambo of Hagia Sophia The Art Bulletin 29 1 1 24 doi 10 2307 3047098 ISSN 0004 3079 JSTOR 3047098 Yucel Erdem 2005 Hagia Sophia Scala Publishers ISBN 978 1 85759 250 4 Artikli Alchermes Joseph D 2005 Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian In Maas Michael ed The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian Cambridge Cambridge U P pp 343 75 ISBN 978 0 521 52071 3 Atchison Bob 2020 History of Hagia Sophia the Church of Holy Wisdom My World of Byzantium Bordewich Fergus M A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia Smithsonian magazine December 2008 Calian Florian The Hagia Sophia and Turkey s Neo Ottomanism Armenian Weekly Osseman Dick Aya Sofya Photo Gallery Pbase com Ousterhout Robert G Museum or Mosque Istanbul s Hagia Sophia has been a monument to selective readings of history History Today Set 2020 Suchkov Maxim Why did Moscow call Ankara s Hagia Sophia decision Turkey s internal affair Middle East Institute Muzajk Hagia Sophia hagiasophia com Mosaics MacDonald William Lloyd 1951 The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia Archaeological Institute of America ASIN B0007GZTKS Mango Cyril 1972 The mosaics of St Sophia at Istanbul The church fathers in the north Tympanum Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies ASIN B0007CAVA0 Mango Cyril 1968 The Apse mosaics of St Sophia at Istanbul Report on work carried out in 1964 Johnson Reprints ASIN B0007G5RBY Mango Cyril Heinz Kahler 1967 Hagia Sophia With a Chapter on the Mosaics Praeger ASIN B0000CO5IL Teteriatnikov Natalia B 1998 Mosaics of Hagia Sophia Istanbul The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection ISBN 978 0 88402 264 0 Riccardi Lorenzo 2012 Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli in Vie per Bisanzio VIII Congresso Nazionale dell Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini Venezia 25 28 novembre 2009 a cura di Antonio Rigo Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio Bari pp 357 71 ISBN 978 88 7470 229 9 Yucel Erdem 1988 The mosaics of Hagia Sophia Efe Turizm ASIN B0007CBGYA Referenzi Eyice Semavi 1991 Ayasofia Hagia Sophia Islam Ansiklopedisi bit Tork Vol 4 Istanbul Turkish Diyanet Foundation pp 206 210 Hamm Jean S 2010 Term Paper Resource Guide to Medieval History ABC CLIO p 39 ISBN 978 0 313 35967 5 Kleiner Fred S Christin J Mamiya 2008 Gardner s Art Through the Ages Volume I Chapters 1 18 12th ed Mason OH Wadsworth p 329 ISBN 978 0 495 46740 3 Emerson William van Nice Robert L 1950 Hagia Sophia and the First Minaret Erected after the Conquest of Constantinople American Journal of Archaeology 54 1 28 40 ISSN 0002 9114 Curta Florin Holt Andrew 2016 Great Events in Religion An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History 3 volumi ABC CLIO p 299 ISBN 978 1 61069 566 4 a b ċ Centre UNESCO World Heritage Historic Areas of Istanbul UNESCO World Heritage Centre bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Fazio Michael Moffett Marian Wodehouse Lawrence 2009 Buildings Across Time 3rd ed McGraw Hill Higher Education ISBN 978 0 07 305304 2 Simons Marlise 1993 08 22 Center of Ottoman Power bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Heinle amp Schlaich 1996 Cameron 2009 Meyendorff 1982 Janin 1953 p 471 Binns John 2002 An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches Cambridge University Press p 57 ISBN 978 0 521 66738 8 McKenzie Steven L Graham Matt Patrick 1998 The Hebrew Bible Today An Introduction to Critical Issues Westminster John Knox Press p 149 ISBN 978 0 664 25652 4 Muller Wiener 1977 p 112 published Owen Jarus 2013 03 01 Hagia Sophia Facts History amp Architecture livescience com bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Hagia Sophia web archive org 2009 01 05 Arkivjat minn l oriġinal fl 2009 01 05 Miġbur 2022 04 26 Muller Wiener 1977 p 91 Oxford Art Oxford Art Online bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Hagia Sophia still Istanbul s top tourist attraction Hurriyet Daily News bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Hagia Sophia Turkey turns iconic Istanbul museum into mosque bl Ingliz 2020 07 10 Miġbur 2022 04 26 Hagia Sophia still top tourist attraction Hurriyet Daily News bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Presidential Decree on the opening of Hagia Sophia to worship promulgated on the Official Gazette wt iletisim gov tr bit Tork Arkivjat minn l oriġinal fl 2022 04 05 Miġbur 2022 04 26 Gall Carlotta 2020 07 10 Erdogan Signs Decree Allowing Hagia Sophia to Be Used as a Mosque Again bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Turkey Court strikes down Hagia Sophia museum decree www aa com tr Miġbur 2022 04 26 Turkey s Erdogan says Hagia Sophia becomes mosque after court ruling CNBC bl Ingliz 2020 07 10 Miġbur 2022 04 26 SABAH DAILY 2020 07 11 Turning Hagia Sophia into museum violated will of its endower Mehmed the Conquerer Turkish court says Daily Sabah bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Turkey s president formally makes Hagia Sophia a mosque AP NEWS bl Ingliz 2021 04 20 Miġbur 2022 04 26 https plus google com UNESCO 2020 07 10 UNESCO statement on Hagia Sophia Istanbul UNESCO bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Hagia Sophia World Council of Churches appeals to Turkey on mosque decision bl Ingliz 2020 07 11 Miġbur 2022 04 26 Hagia Sophia Pope pained as Istanbul museum reverts to mosque bl Ingliz 2020 07 12 Miġbur 2022 04 26 World reacts to Turkey reconverting Hagia Sophia into a mosque www aljazeera com bl Ingliz Miġbur 2022 04 26 Byzantine News Issue 33 July 2020 us17 campaign archive com Miġbur 2022 04 26

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